Embarazo ectópico roto con fracción beta de la hormona gonadotropina coriónica humana negativa: reporte de caso / Ruptured ectopic pregnancy with negative human chorionic gonadotropin hormone beta fraction: case report

Resumen El embarazo ectópico roto es una emergencia quirúrgica cuyo diagnóstico, gracias a la interrelación de la cuantificación de la fracción beta de la hormona gonadotropina coriónica humana (HCG-β) y los hallazgos ultrasonográficos, se ha hecho más preciso. Sin embargo, el diagnóstico se vuelve difícil cuando clínicamente se encuentran datos sugestivos de embarazo ectópico con una HCG-β negativa. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 25 años acude a valoración por referir 12,2 semanas de retraso menstrual, asociado a sangrado transvaginal y signos de irritación peritoneal, que cuenta con HCG-β negativa (< 5 mUI/ml). Se realizó un rastreo ultrasonográfico encontrando abundante líquido libre en cavidad, sin evidencia de embarazo intrauterino. Ante la alta sospecha de embarazo ectópico se realizó laparotomía exploradora, encontrando hallazgos sugestivos de embarazo ectópico roto, y se realizó salpingectomía. Finalmente, en el estudio posoperatorio se confirmó por histopatología un embarazo ectópico roto. Existen muy pocos reportes en la literatura internacional de pacientes con características clínicas de embarazo ectópico roto, con HCG-β negativa. Es importante la difusión de este tipo de casos con la finalidad de mejorar los abordajes diagnósticos y no restar importancia ante la sospecha clínica, a pesar de presentar una HCG-β negativa.

Abstract Broken ectopic pregnancy is a surgical emergency that due to the relation between the serum quantification of the of the beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (β-HCG) and the ultrasonographic findings, there have been improvements to reach a precise diagnosis. However, there are very few reported cases in the literature where a broken ectopic pregnancy is described with negative serum results in β-HCG. We present a case report of a 25-year-old patient came to the evaluation for referring 12.2 weeks of menstrual delay, associated with transvaginal bleeding and data of peritoneal irritation, she had a negative β-HCG fraction (< 5 mIU/ml). A scan was performed ultrasound finding abundant free fluid in the cavity, without evidence of intrauterine pregnancy. Given the high suspicion of ectopic pregnancy, an exploratory laparotomy was performed, finding findings suggestive of a ruptured ectopic pregnancy, a salpingectomy was performed. Finally, in the postoperative study, a ruptured ectopic pregnancy was confirmed by histopathology. There are very few reported internationally were found a patient with clinical characteristics of broken ectopic pregnancy, with a β-HCG negative. It is important the scientific diffusion of this type of cases with the purpose of improving the diagnostic approaches and not underestimating importance to the clinical suspicion, despite presenting negative β-HCG results.

Embarazo molar cervical: diagnóstico y tratamiento quirúrgico con legrado uterino y ligadura de arterias cervicales / Cervical molar pregnancy: diagnosis and surgical treatment with uterine curettage and cervical arteries ligation

Resumen Reportamos el caso de una mujer de 28 años con atraso menstrual de 14 días, diagnosticada en el servicio de urgencia obstétrica del Hospital Félix Bulnes con un embarazo ectópico cervical mediante ultrasonido, en contexto de metrorragia grave. El tratamiento consistió en legrado uterino segmentario más ligadura de arterias cervicales. El estudio histopatológico reveló una mola hidatiforme parcial en el producto del curetaje. La paciente evolucionó favorablemente sin requerir más intervenciones. Este caso da cuenta del exitoso manejo de un embarazo cervical con tratamiento quirúrgico, dando una oportunidad de preservar la fertilidad de la paciente.

Abstract We are reporting the case of a 28-year-old woman with 14-day menstrual delay diagnosed, in the obstetric emergency department of Félix Bulnes Hospital, with a cervical pregnancy through ultrasound, in the context of severe metrorrhagia. The treatment consisted in uterine curettage and ligation of cervical arteries. A histopathological study revealed a partial hydatidiform mole in the curettage product. The patient evolved favorably without other interventions. This case its an example of the successful management of a cervical pregnancy with surgical treatment, giving a chance of preserving the fertility of the patient.

A scary complication: single-center study on management and outcome of cesarean scar pregnancy

Abstract A cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP) is a scary and life-threatening complication of cesarean section (CS). Nevertheless, the incidence of CS is constantly growing. The CSP incidence is 0,15% of pregnancies after CS which represents 6,1% of all ectopic pregnancies in women with condition after CS. Therefore, it should be more present in the clinical daily routine. From mild nonspecific symptoms to hypovolemic shock, diagnosis and therapy must be performed quickly. With the progressive growth of the scar pregnancy, a uterine rupture involves the risk of severe bleeding, and an emergency hysterectomy could be necessary. Prolongation of pregnancy has been successful only in a few cases.We report 11 cases from our hospital in the past 10 years. In the discussion, treatment options of this complication with an increasing incidence, which is associated with serious morbidity and mortality, are presented based on the current literature. Treatment options include drug therapy, but also surgical or combined procedures with radiological intervention.

Embarazo ectópico intramural: reporte de caso / ntramural ectopic pregnancy: case report

El embarazo ectópico intramural es la gestación a nivel de miometrio sin tener conexión con las trom-pas de Falopio o cavidad endometrial, es extremadamente raro; representa menos del 1% de todos los embarazos ectópicos. Este tipo de embarazo es difícil de diagnosticar, las modalidades diagnósticas incluyen ultrasonido, tomografía computarizada y re-sonancia magnética. Se han descrito factores de riesgo para esta rara gestación ectópica que incluyen trauma uterino previo, ade-nomiosis, cirugía pélvica y fertilización in vitro. Descripción de caso clínico: Primigesta de 32 años que se presentó a consulta con amenorrea y prueba de embarazo positiva, se realiza ultra-sonido donde se observa endometrio lineal sin evidencia de saco gestacional. Se deja como impresión diagnóstica embarazo tem-prano y se cita en 2 semanas, al presentarse se envía a realizar gonadotropina coriónica humana fracción beta que reportó 600 UI/ml. 2 días después se repite la prueba y reporta 5000 UI/ml. La paciente inicia con dolor pélvico de moderada intensidad tipo cólico, acompañado de sangrado transvaginal. Se realiza un ter-cer ultrasonido pélvico que reporta imagen de 1.63 por 1.50 cms heterogénea, irregular compatible con un saco gestacional conte-niendo embrión sin latido cardiaco en su interior correspondiente a un embarazo intramural y presencia de mioma subseroso. Se decide realizar laparotomía exploratoria en donde se extrae saco gestacional y mioma, sin complicaciones. Conclusiones: Los es-tudios de imagen y laboratorio son necesarios para el diagnóstico del embarazo intramural, dado que es altamente inusual no hay un consenso sobre su manejo, en este caso el manejo fue qui-rúrgico...(AU)

Actualización del enfrentamiento y manejo del embarazo ectópico tubario / Update of the confrontation and management of tubal ectopic pregnancy

INTRODUCCÍÓN Y OBJETIVOS: El embarazo ectópico es una condición potencialmente mortal, con una incidencia del 1 al 2%. El 97% se produce en las tubas uterinas, y el 80% de éstos se encuentran en la región ampular. El objetivo de esta revisión es exponer una actualización del enfrentamiento y manejo del embarazo ectópico tubario. MÉTODOS: Mediante el uso de la base de datos Epistemonikos, Scielo, Cochrane y Pubmed, se revisó la literatura existente sobre embarazo ectópico tubario. RESULTADOS: El diagnóstico de embarazo ectópico tubario implica una combinación de síntomas clínicos, serología y ultrasonido. El manejo médico es una opción segura y efectiva en la mayoría de las pacientes hemodinámicamente estables. En caso de fracaso de tratamiento médico, paciente incapaz de mantener seguimiento, embarazo ectópico roto o embarazo heterotópico, debe ser manejado con tratamiento quirúrgico idealmente por laparoscopía. Independiente del tratamiento utilizado, existe gran probabilidad de éxito y escasas complicaciones. CONCLUSIONES: Esta actualización describe la incidencia, factores de riesgo, diagnóstico, y manejo del embarazo ectópico tubario. Es importante un diagnóstico y tratamiento temprano, para reducir complicaciones asociadas a esta patología.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Ectopic pregnancy is a potencially lethal condition, it has an incidence of 1-2%. 97% occurs in uterine tubes, and 80% in the ampulla. The objetive of this review is to update management of this pathology. METHODS: Existent literature was reviewed in different data base: Epistemonikos, Scielo, Cochrane and Pubmed. RESULTS: Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy Diagnostic implies a combination of clinical features, serology and ultrasound. Medical management is a safe and effective alternative in most of hemodinamically stable patients. When medical treatment fails, or patient is not able to stay in observation, or ectopic/heterotopic pregnancy is diagnosed, surgical management is needed specially by laparoscopy. Regardless of the treatment, there is a high chance of success and low rate of complications. CONCLUSIONS: This update describes incidence, risk factors, diagnostic and management of tubal ectopic pregnancy. An early diagnostic and treatment are crucial to reduce complications due to this pathology.

Actualización del enfrentamiento y manejo de localizaciones poco frecuentes del embarazo ectópico / Update of the confrontation and management of unusual locations of ectopic pregnancy

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: El embarazo ectópico no tubario es una condición poco frecuente, asociado a una alta morbimortalidad materna. Existe escasa información que abarque de forma completa los distintos tipos de EE no tubarios. El objetivo de esta publicación es describir una actualización del enfrentamiento y manejo de los distintos tipos de embarazo ectópico. MÉTODOS: Mediante el uso de la base de datos Epistemonikos, Scielo, Cochrane y Pubmed, se revisó la literatura existente sobre embarazo ectópico tubario, cornual/intersticial, abdominal, ovárico, cervical y cicatriz de cesárea. RESULTADOS: Para realizar el diagnóstico, hay que considerar la clínica y antecedentes de las pacientes. Se deben medir los niveles de β-hCG y complementar esto con ultrasonido transvaginal. Sin embargo, muchas veces el diagnóstico se realiza con laparoscopía. En el embarazo ectópico en cicatriz de cesárea, ovárico, abdominal e intersticial, el manejo quirúrgico laparoscópico es de elección. No se recomienda el metotrexato como primera línea. En el embarazo ectópico cervical, el metotrexato es de elección. En inestabilidad hemodinámica o sospecha de embarazo ectópico roto, es necesaria una laparotomía exploratoria. En el embarazo heterotópico, el metotrexato tiene contraindicación absoluta, siendo la salpingectomía vía laparoscópica el abordaje de primera línea recomendado. CONCLUSIONES: Esta actualización describe la incidencia, factores de riesgo, diagnóstico, y manejo de los distintos tipos de embarazo ectópico no tubario. Es importante recalcar la baja tasa de sospecha clínica de esta patología. Un diagnóstico y tratamiento temprano son fundamentales para reducir complicaciones asociadas a esta patología.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Non tubal Ectopic Pregnancy is a rare condition, associated with high maternal morbidity and mortality. There is little information that completely covers the different types of non-tubal ectopic pregnancy. The objective of this publication is to describe an update on the assessment and management of the different types of ectopic pregnancy. METHODS: By using the database Epistemonikos, Scielo, Cochrane and Pubmed, we reviewed the existing literature on tubal, cornual/interstitial, abdominal, ovarian, cervical and caesarean section scar EE. RESULTS: To make the diagnosis, it is necessary to consider the clinical feature and history. β-hCG levels should be measured and supplemented by transvaginal ultrasound. However, the diagnosis is often made with laparoscopy. In caesarean section scar, ovarian, abdominal and interstitial ectopic pregnancy, laparoscopic surgical management is of choice. Methotrexate is not recommended as first line treatment. In cervical ectopic pregnancy, methotrexate is the first choice. In hemodynamic instability or suspected broken ectopic pregnancy, an exploratory laparotomy is necessary. In heterotopic pregnancy, methotrexate has an absolute contraindication, with laparoscopic salpingectomy being the recommended first line approach. CONCLUSIONS: This update describes the incidence, risk factors, diagnosis, and management of the different types of non-tubal ectopic pregnancy. It is important to emphasize the low rate of clinical suspicion of this pathology. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to reduce complications associated with this pathology.

Embarazo con implantación en histerorrafia de cesárea anterior: caso clínico poco frecuente / Pregnancy implanted in previous cesarean section scar: a rare clinical case

Introducción: el embarazo ectópico se produce cuando el embrión se implanta fuera de la cavidad uterina, y se ubica mayormente en las trompas de Falopio. Objetivo: presentar un caso clínico en el que la paciente desarrolló un embarazo ectópico en la cicatriz de una histerorrafia previa, fue diagnosticada cuando cursaba la sexta semana de gestación y se resistió ante la idea de perderlo irremediablemente, aunque su cuadro clínico es muy doloroso y se complica rápidamente. Presentación del caso: paciente de 27 años de edad, de color de piel negra, con antecedente de cesárea previa 9 meses atrás. Según reporte ecográfico se diagnostica embarazo de 8,6 semanas de gestación localizado en la zona de cicatriz de cesárea previa. Recibe tratamiento inicial con metotrexate y cloruro de potasio, para luego ser intervenida quirúrgicamente a través de legrado instrumental, se corrobora diagnóstico ecográfico y se logra extraer el embrión exitosamente. Conclusión: el manejo atendió a las características clínicas e individuales de la gestante y se respetó el principio de autonomía de la embarazada. La paciente pudo ser dada de alta con un estado de salud satisfactorio, conservó su capacidad de fecundidad(AU)

Introduction: Ectopic pregnancy occurs when the embryo is implanted outside the uterine cavity, mostly located in the fallopian tubes. Objective: To present a clinical case in which the patient developed an ectopic pregnancy over a previous cesarean section scar; the diagnosis was made when she was in the sixth week of her pregnancy and she could not withstand the idea of losing the baby, but the clinical picture worsened, she was very painful and became complicated quickly. Case report: Twenty-seven-year-old black patient with previous history of a cesarean section 9 months ago. According to ultrasound criteria, 8.6 weeks of pregnancy located in the area of a previous cesarean section scar is diagnosed. The patient receives initial treatment with methotrexate and potassium chloride to undergo a surgical procedure through instrumental intervention (curettage), confirming the diagnosis of the ultrasound and removing the embryo successfully. Conclusions: The management was based on the clinical and individual characteristics of the pregnant woman respecting the principle of autonomy. The patient was in good health at the moment of discharge, preserving her fertility capacity(AU)

Incidence, risk factors, clinical presentation and treatment of ectopic pregnancy in the Limbe and Buea Regional Hospitals in Cameroon

Introduction: ectopic pregnancy (EP) is the leading cause of maternal mortality in the first trimester of pregnancy in our environment. This study aimed at evaluating the incidence, risk factors, clinical presentation and treatment of ectopic pregnancy in the Limbe and Buea Regional Hospitals in Cameroon. Methods: this was a retrospective nested case control study carried out from December 2006 to December 2016. A ratio for control vs cases of 3:1 was obtained. Any pregnancy implanted outside the normal uterine cavity was considered as an ectopic pregnancy. Student's t-test was used to compare continuous variables and Pearson's Chi-square test for categorical variables. The association between EP and the demographical and clinical variables was estimated using logistic regression. Statistical significance was set at p-values<0.05.Results: a total of 247 cases of EP were registered out of 17221 deliveries giving an incidence of 1.43% in ten years. History of pelvic inflammatory disease (OR = 3.10, CI (1.76-5.44), p < 0.001), previous EP (OR = 10.22, CI (2.61-14.82), p < 0.001), History of induced abortion (OR = 2.68, CI (3.32-9.73), p< 0.001), history of adnexa surgery (OR = 4.37, CI (2.17-10.32), p < 0.001) and history of appendectomy (OR = 2.16, CI (0.99-6.64) p< 0.001), were also found to be associated with increased risk of EP. More than five percent (5.52%) of the patients were in shock at presentation. Diagnosis was confirmed mainly by use of ultrasound (78.53%) and treatment was principally by laparotomy (97.55%) with salpingectomy (95.60%). Most (90.18%) of ectopic pregnancies were ruptured at presentation. Only 2.45% of cases were manage medically with the use of methotrexate. Conclusion: the incidence of ectopic pregnancy (EP) in our environment is within the global range (hospital-based incidence of 1.43%) and is rising. Late presentation, lack of modern diagnostic and management tools have made laparotomy with salpingectomy the principal method of management of ectopic pregnancy in our environment

Embarazo ectópico en cicatriz de cesárea previa, enfoque terapéutico y revisión de la literatura / Ectopic Pregnancy in Previous Cesarean Section Scar Therapeutic Approach and Literature Review

RESUMEN Introducción: El embarazo ectópico en cicatriz de cesárea previa es una forma novedosa y potencialmente mortal de implantación anormal de un saco gestacional dentro del miometrio y el tejido fibroso de la cicatriz. Se desconoce la historia natural de esta condición para lo cual no existe consenso en su manejo. Presentación de caso: Se presenta un caso que se manejó quirúrgicamente de forma conservadora por minilaparotomía, evacuación del tejido trofoblástico, lográndose preservar el útero. Con edad gestacional de 10 semanas, se aplicó metrotexate localmente e intramuscular. La paciente evolucionó satisfactoriamente hacia la mejoría siendo dada de alta. Métodos: Se realiza una revisión bibliográfica en bases de datos Pub Med y Science Direct con las palabras claves obtenidas del MeSH: "Scar ectopic pregnancy" durante los años 2000 y 2018. Se presentan las alternativas de manejo, tanto médico como quirúrgico, sin embargo, ello estará sujeto a las condiciones de la paciente y a la experiencia del médico tratante(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Ectopic pregnancy in a previous caesarean section is a novel and life-threatening form of abnormal implantation of a gestational sac within the myometrium and the fibrous tissue of the scar. The natural history of this condition is unknown, thus there is no consensus in its management. Case report: We report a case that was surgically managed in conservative way by minilaparotomy, trophoblastic tissue evacuation. The uterus was preserved. The gestational age was 10 weeks. Metrotexate was applied locally and intramuscularly. The patient evolved satisfactorily towards improvement and discharge. Methods: A literature review during the years 2000 and 2018 was carried out in Pub Med and Science Direct databases. The keywords from MeSH used were "Scar ectopic pregnancy". Both medical and surgical management alternatives are presented, however the patient condition and the experience of the attending physician will contribute as well(AU)

Pregnancy of unknown location

Pregnancy of unknown location is a situation in which a positive pregnancy test occurs, but a transvaginal ultrasound does not show intrauterine or ectopic gestation. One great concern of pregnancy of unknown location is that they are cases of ectopic pregnancy whose diagnosis might be postponed. Transvaginal ultrasound is able to identify an ectopic pregnancy with a sensitivity ranging from 87% to 94% and a specificity ranging from 94% to 99%. A patient with pregnancy of unknown location should be followed up until an outcome is obtained. The only valid biomarkers with clinical application and validation are serum levels of the beta fraction of hCG and progesterone. A single serum dosage of hCG is used only to determine whether the value obtained is above or below the discriminatory zone, that means the value of serum hCG above which an intrauterine gestational sac should be visible on ultrasound. Serum progesterone levels are a satisfactory marker of pregnancy viability, but they are unable to predict the location of a pregnancy of unknown location: levels below 5 ng/mL are associated with nonviable gestations, whereas levels above 20 ng/mL are correlated with viable intrauterine pregnancies. Most cases are low risk and can be monitored by expectant management with transvaginal ultrasound and serial serum hCG levels, in addition to the serum progesterone levels. To minimize diagnostic error and intervene during progressive intrauterine gestation, protocol indicates active treatment only in situations when progressive intrauterine pregnancy is excluded and a high possibility of ectopic pregnancy exists.

Caracterización de embarazo ectópico / Caracterização da gravidez ectópica / Characterization of ectopic pregnancy

Introducción: durante los últimos 20 años la incidencia del embarazo ectópico se ha duplicado o triplicado, principalmente en los países desarrollados. Este incremento se comporta de forma diferente en países, regiones o áreas poblacionales. Objetivo: caracterizar el comportamiento del embarazo ectópico en el Hospital General Docente de Guantánamo Dr. Agostinho Neto durante el año 2006. Método: el universo estuvo constituido por 763 pacientes con embarazo ectópico en el período 2002-2006. La muestra fue de 175, todas del año 2006. Las variables estudiadas fueron: grupo de edades, síntomas al ingreso, medios diagnósticos, formas clínicas y operaciones realizadas. Resultados: se obtuvo discreto crecimiento en el número de embarazos ectópicos durante los años de estudio. El grupo de edades de 20-24 obtuvo el 31,4 por ciento en frecuencia y el de 25-29 el 34,9 por ciento. El 85,7 por ciento de las pacientes acudió con los síntomas de dolor bajo vientre y sangramiento vaginal anormal, seguidas por las que presentaron dolor bajo vientre y amenorrea (78,3 por ciento). En 73 pacientes fue diagnosticado por la clínica más culdocentesis en el 41,8 por ciento de los casos y solo en 9 por clínica más laparoscopia. Conclusiones: hubo incremento de los embarazos ectópicos. El año de mayor frecuencia fue 2006. Predominó el grupo de edades de 25 a 29 años y las pacientes primíparas. El síntoma al ingreso predominante fue el dolor bajo vientre y el sangramiento vaginal anormal. El diagnóstico con más frecuencia fue la clínica más culdocentesis. El embarazo ectópico complicado inestable, el sitio de implantación tubárica y la localización ampular con salpingectomía total como operación fueron las más frecuentes(AU)

Introduction: during the last 20 years the incidence of ectopic pregnancy has doubled or tripled, mainly in developed countries. This increase behaves differently in countries, regions or population areas. Objective: to characterize the behavior of ectopic pregnancy in the Guantánamo General Teaching Hospital Dr. Agostinho Neto during the year 2006. Method: the universe consisted of 763 patients with ectopic pregnancy in the period 2002-2006. The sample was 175, all of the year 2006. The variables studied were: age group, symptoms on admission, means of diagnosis, clinical forms and operations performed. Results: discrete growth was obtained in the number of ectopic pregnancies during the years of study. The age group of 20-24 obtained 31.4 percent in frequency and that of 25-29 and 34.9 percent. 85.7 percent of the patients presented with symptoms of abdominal pain and abnormal vaginal bleeding, followed by those with lower abdominal pain and amenorrhea (78.3 percent). In 73 patients it was diagnosed by the clinic plus culdocentesis in 41.8 percent of the cases and only in 9 by clinical plus laparoscopy. Conclusions: there was an increase in ectopic pregnancies. The year of greatest frequency was 2006. The age group of 25 to 29 years and the primiparous patients predominated. The predominant symptom of admission was lower abdominal pain and abnormal vaginal bleeding. The diagnosis with more frequency was the clinic plus culdocentesis. The complicated unstable ectopic pregnancy, the tubal implantation site and the ampullary location with total salpingectomy as the operation were the most frequent(AU)

Introdução: nos últimos 20 anos, a incidência de gravidez ectópica dobrou ou triplicou, principalmente nos países desenvolvidos. Esse aumento se comporta de maneira diferente em países, regiões ou áreas de população. Objetivo: caracterizar o comportamento da gravidez ectópica no Hospital Geral de Ensino de Guantánamo Dr. Agostinho Neto durante o ano de 2006. Método: o universo consistiu em 763 pacientes com gravidez ectópica no período 2002-2006. A amostra foi de 175, durante todo o ano de 2006. As variáveis estudadas foram: faixa etária, sintomas na admissão, meios de diagnóstico, formas clínicas e operações realizadas. Resultados: crescimento discreto foi obtido no número de gestações ectópicas durante os anos de estudo. A faixa etária de 20 a 24 anos obteve 31,4 por cento de frequência e a de 25 a 29 e 34,9 por cento. 85,7 por cento dos pacientes apresentavam sintomas de dor abdominal e sangramento vaginal anormal, seguidos por dor abdominal baixa e amenorreia (78,3 por cento). Em 73 pacientes foi diagnosticada pela clínica mais culdocentese em 41,8 por cento dos casos e somente em 9 pela clínica mais laparoscopia. Conclusões: houve aumento de gravidez ectópica. O ano de maior frequência foi 2006. A faixa etária de 25 a 29 anos e as primíparas predominaram. O sintoma predominante da admissão foi dor no baixo ventre e sangramento vaginal anormal. O diagnóstico com maior frequência foi a clínica e culdocentese. A gestação ectópica complicada e instável, o local de implantação das trompas e a localização ampular com salpingectomia total como operação foram os mais frequentes(AU)

Embarazo ectópico abdominal en paciente posmenopáusica / Abdominal ectopic pregnancy in postmenopausal patient

La anidación anómala del blastocito se denomina como gestación ectópica. El embarazo ectópico abdominal es una forma rara que se presenta en aproximadamente el 1 por ciento de ellos. Se define como la implantación del producto de la concepción en la cavidad peritoneal, excluyendo las localizaciones tubáricas, ováricas e intraligamentarias. Este es de difícil diagnóstico, pues en muchas ocasiones se realiza de forma tardía. El objetivo del presente trabajo es presentar el caso de una paciente posmenopáusica que tuvo un embarazo ectópico abdominal lo cual lo hace aún más raro, de esta forma aportamos un conocimiento que quizá nunca se ha visto por muchos ginecobstetras(AU)

Role of serum progesterone in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy and missed abortion

Diagnosis of early pregnancy failure [ectopic pregnancy and missed abortion] still challenging even by using of serial B-HCG and ultrasound. Serum progesterone hormone level value is regarded as one of the important diagnostic tools in the diagnosis of many obstetrical and gynecological conditions; one of these is early pregnancy failure. To assess the role of serum progesterone level in early diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy and missed abortion. The study is conducted at Al-Elwiyah Maternity Teaching Hospital throughout the period between [April 2010 -July 2011]. Ninety women participated in the study, they are at their early weeks of gestation [6-10] weeks. Their ages were between 18-40 years. thirty of them served as a control group [normal intrauterine pregnancy] and sixty pregnant women included in the study group and subcategorized into 2 groups. thirty women with suspected sub-acute or chronic cases of ectopic pregnancy according to ultrasound and beta-HCG results and 30 women served as suspected missed abortion. blood samples were taken from the three groups followed by another blood samples after two-day interval to measure of serum progesterone levels. the results were compared among the three groups at first and second readings. p-value, standard deviation and 95% confidence interval calculated and statistically analyzed. P-value of the serial measurements of serum progesterone levels in two-day interval in the three groups was statistically insignificant. while serum progesterone levels of both ectopic pregnancy and missed abortion were greatly lower than serum progesterone levels of normal intrauterine pregnancy in both first and second readings, with statistically significant deference, P-value is. Serum progesterone levels has a useful role in diagnosing ectopic pregnancy and missed abortion

Frequency of uilization of ultrasound in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy in sub-saharan africa countries: a systematic review

Ectopic pregnancy (EP) is a common diagnosis; frequently misdiagnosed early in its presentation and a leading cause of first trimester mortality. Ultrasound (US) is a key component of evidence-based diagnostic algorithms. We present a systematic review on the frequency of the use of US in the diagnosis of EP in Sub-Saharan Africa. Methods A librarian-assisted search of PUBMED; EMBASE; Cochrane; Web of Science; and POPLINE databases was performed. Inclusion criteria were original research studies that reported the proportion of patients receiving US as part of a workup for EP in a Sub-Saharan African country. Abstracts were reviewed and those potentially meeting criteria had a formal survey of the manuscript. Results: The initial search revealed 784 original publications. Manual review of abstracts narrowed this to 91 papers with potential relevance; and 12 studies were included in the final analysis. A total of 6055 patients diagnosed with EP were included. 8.7 received a pregnancy test. 92.3 were ruptured at the time of presentation. 42.9 were in shock and 75.8 received red blood cell transfusion. 73.7 were unaware of the pregnancy and 24.9 were seen by a healthcare worker prior to presentation; 1.1 of patients died. Overall; 12.6 received US to aid in the diagnosis.Conclusion :In this study; overall utilisation of US in the diagnosis of EP was found to be low. In this population; patients presented late and critically ill; obviating the need for US in many cases. However; studies in Sub-Saharan Africa in populations of patients with similar rates of late presentations have shown a substantial increase in the diagnosis of unruptured EP with the routine use of US

Embarazo ectópico ovárico, reporte de un caso y revisión bibliográfica / Ovarian pregnancy: a case report and literature review

Ovarian pregnancy is a rare event. Its prevalence varies from one in 2100 to one in 60000 pregnancies, corresponding to 1-3 percent of ectopic pregnancies. The diagnosis is a challenge for the clinician, and without adequate resources can be a surgical finding. This article reports the case of a 30 years old woman attended in our hospital with pregnancy as diagnosis, who consulted because of three days of vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain. Ultrasonography showed a tubaric ring with a gestational sac inside, and an embryo with detectable heartbeats. A laparotomy was performed and an embryo around 6 weeks old located in the right ovary was extracted. The patient was discharged from the hospital 2 days after the surgery with a satisfactory evolution...